Operating System(OS) History

Introduction of operating system

            An interface between the computer system and the user is provided by the operating system, a system software. An operating system creates an environment in which users can run arbitrary programs and interact with software and applications in a comfortable and well-defined way.

History of operating system

The First Generation (1940 to early 1950) Vacuum Tubes Digital computers weren't built until World War II. At that time, calculators were created with mechanical relays. However, mechanical  relays were very slow and were later replaced by vacuum tubes. These machines were huge, but still very slow. The first electrical computer was created in the year 1940.This computer was created without an operating system. During this time, programs were written in absolute machine language for each task. It was used only to solve simple mathematical calculations and did not require an operating system for these calculations The Second Generation (1955 - 1965) Transistors and Batch Systems The first operating system "OS" was developed in the early 1950s and was known as GMOS. General Motors  developed an OS for  IBM computers. Second-generation operating systems were based on single-stream batch processing systems. This is because  all similar jobs are collected in groups or batches, and punched cards are used to submit the jobs to the operating system  to complete them all on one machine. Each time a job completes (normally or abnormally), control is passed to the operating system. After the job is completed, the operating system cleans up and starts reading the next job in the punch card. The new machines were then called mainframes,  were very large and were used by professional operators.  The Third Generation (1965 - 1980) Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming In the late 1960s, operating system developers were very successful in creating new operating systems that could perform multiple  tasks simultaneously with a single computer program, called multiprogramming. The introduction of multiprogramming plays a very  important role in operating system development. This allows the CPU to be busy every time by running different tasks on the computer  at the same time. Beginning in 1961, the third generation saw another evolution in the phenomenal growth of minicomputers with the  DEC PDP-1. These PDPs led to the creation of the fourth generation of personal computers. The Fourth Generation (1980) Personal Computers The fourth generation operating system created personal computing. These computers were very similar to the mini-computers developed  in the third generation, but the cost of personal computers was a fraction of the cost of minicomputers. Personal computers were so afford able that even individuals could own them, while minicomputers were so expensive that only companies could afford them. One of the  most important factors in the development of personal computing was the birth of Microsoft and the Windows operating system. The Win- dows operating system was created in 1975 when Paul Allen and Bill Gates envisioned taking personal computing to the next level. They  introduced MS-DOS in 1981. This was effective, but caused many problems for people trying to understand the encrypted commands.  Windows is the largest operating system used in technology today, with the release of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP (the most  widely used operating systems to date), and their latest operating system, Windows 7. became a system. Microsoft Apple is another major  operating system developed in the 1980s. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created his Apple Macintosh, which was a huge success because  of its ease of use. The development of Windows in its later years was influenced by the Macintosh, leading to fierce competition between  the two companies. Every electronic device today runs an operating system, from computers and smartphones to ATMs and cars. And as  technology advances, so do operating systems The Fifth Generation The fifth generation spans the years 1980 to the present. VLSI technology evolved into ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)technology  in the  fifth generation, resulting in the fabrication of microprocessor chips with 10 million electronic components. This generation is based  on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets  the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used  in this generation AI includes  1) Robotics 2) Neural Networks 3) Game Playing 4) Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations 5) Natural language understanding and generation The main features of fifth generation are −             ULSI technology             Development of true artificial intelligence             Development of Natural language processing             Advancement in Parallel Processing             Advancement in Superconductor technology             More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features             Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some computer types of this generation are − Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook